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A Revision of the Spider Family Stenochilidae

(Arachnida, Araneae)

NORMAN I. PLATNICK

Assistant Curator, Department of Entomology The American Museum of Natural History

MOHAMMAD U. SHADAB

Scientific Assistant, Department of Entomology The American Museum of Natural History

AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES

ISSN 0003-0082 Price. $1.05

ABSTRACT

Stenochilidae Thorell, previously considered a subfamily of Palpimanidae, is again established as a valid family. The presence of a shared derived character (prolateral leg scopulae), as well as numerous differences in carapace shape, number of thoracic grooves, eye pattern, cheliceral denti- tion, labial structure, extent of the abdominal scutum, number of spinnerets, relative leg seg- ment lengths, and genitalia establish Palpimani- dae and Stenochilidae as sister groups of equiva- lent rank and familial status. Major differences in genitalia and carapace shape are used to con-

struct a probable phylogeny and reclassification of Stenochilidae. The genus Metronax Simon is placed as a junior synonym of Stenochilus O.P.- Cambridge. Two specific names are newly synonymized: Stenochilus raudus Simon with S. hobsoni O. P.-Cambridge, and Metronax laetus Thorell with Colopea pusilla (Simon). Two new species are described: Stenochilus scutulatus from northern India and Colopea tuberculata from Fiji. Genitalic and somatic characters of the group are illustrated in detail for the first time.

INTRODUCTION

The family Stenochilidae was erected by Thorell (1873) for the peculiar Indian spider Stenochilus hobsoni O. P.-Cambridge (1870). Simon (1884, 1893a) first described three addi- tional species of Stenochilus from India, Burma, and the Philippines and later (1893b) established the genera Metronax and Colopea for those spe- cies. Thorell (1895, 1897) added another species from Burma and some new records to Metronax. Since 1897, the group has remained virtually without notice from arachnologists.

Although Simon at first accepted Stenochili- dae (1893a), in his “Histoire naturelle des Araignées” (1893b) he relegated it to subfamilial status in Palpimanidae, on the grounds that the New Zealand genus Huttonia, which he also gave subfamilial status, was intermediate between the palpimanids and stenochilids.

In the course of a revision of the Palpimanidae it has become apparent that each of these three groups deserves familial status, as Huttonia is not closely related to either the palpimanids or the stenochilids, and the differences in both somatic and genitalic characters between the three groups are as great or greater than those that separate other families of spiders. The purposes of the present paper are to demonstrate the numerous differences that preclude association of the stenochilids with the palpimanids, to comment on the probable phylogeny of this small and un- usual group, and to present a revision of the genera and species involved.

This work would not have been possible with- out the help of other arachnologists in securing the extremely rare specimens on which it is

based. In addition to specimens in the American —

Museum of Natural History (AMNH), we have used material supplied by the following curators and institutions: Dr. M. Hubert, Muséum Nation- al d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN); Dr. H. W. Levi, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (MCZ); Dr. G. Rack, Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum, Universitat Hamburg (ZMH); Dr. R. X. Schick, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco (CAS); Dr. E. Tortonese, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genoa (MCSN); Dr. G. C. Varley and Mr. E. Taylor, Hope Department of Entomology, Oxford University (HDO); and Mr. F. R. Wanless and Miss D. Norman, British Museum (Natural History), London (BMNH). We are especially grateful to Dr. R. R. Forster of the Otago Mu- seum, Dunedin, for supplying specimens and in- formation on Auttonia, and to Dr. J. A. L. Cooke for providing data on the habitat of Stenochilus hobsoni.

COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY

Stenochilids differ from palpimanids in many characters. They are instantly recognizable by their peculiar diamond-shaped carapace, which is simple in outline in Colopea (figs. 24, 25) and modified with numerous undulations in Steno- chilus (figs. 1, 16). In palpimanids, as in most spiders, the carapace has a simple oval outline. In addition the stenochilid carapace is unique in that there are always two thoracic grooves (gen- erally an anterior groove and a posterior pit) rather than one. The significance, if any, of the highly modified carapace, particularly in species like Stenochilus crocatus (fig. 16), is unknown.

AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES

FIGS. 1-3. Stenochilus hobsoni O. P.-Cambridge. 1. Carapace, dorsal view. 2. Eyes, anterodorsal

view. 3. Sternum, ventral view.

The eye pattern of stenochilids is unlike that of palpimanids and resembles that of prodi- domids and some zodariids. The eyes of the right and left sides form single, continuous, gently curved rows (figs. 2, 18). In four of the five known stenochilid species, the posterior median eyes are unusually long, twice the size of the others (figs. 1, 16, 24).

In contrast to the palpimanids, the cheliceral fang furrow has no teeth, but, as in several haplo- gyne families, does have a basal lamella (fig. 27). Further, stenochilid species may be distin- guished from palpimanids in that the labium is not free but completely fused to the sternum (figs. 3, 26).

Both groups have an anterior abdominal scu- tum, but in palpimanids the scutum is a ringlike structure surrounding the entire anterior end of the abdomen, whereas in stenochilids it is re- duced to a simple genital plate on the abdominal venter only.

Some of the most significant differences be- tween the two groups are in the spinnerets, but because of the difficulties of examining them in juveniles and males many important details were not noticed by workers of the last century. One of the diagnostic characters of Palpimanidae is the presence of only two spinnerets, rather than the normal six. The stenochilids agree in having two large spinnerets, but differ by possessing remnants of the four posterior spinnerets as well.

In preserved males the two large spinnerets gener- ally lie against the anal tubercle, and it is neces- sary to apply pressure anterior of the large spin- nerets, forcing them apart, to observe the smaller structures. The remnants of males are not pro- vided with spigots and appear nonfunctional. In females, however, they are considerably larger, easily visible, equipped with spigots, and fused into a platelike structure resembling a cribellum, except, of course, that it is behind, not in front of, the large spinnerets (figs. 4, 5).

Palpimanids are generally recognized by the numerous modifications of the first pair of legs, which are much larger than any of the others. The relative leg segment lengths of palpimanids are unique: the patella is greatly elongated, longer than the tibia, whereas the metatarsus is greatly shortened, shorter than the tarsus. In ad- dition the first leg of palpimanids bears a charac- teristic dense, undivided prolateral scopula. The stenochilids, however, have both legs I and II enlarged and bearing scopulae. The relative leg segment lengths are those of typical spiders, not palpimanids, and the leg scopulae are divided into large prolateral and small ventral portions (fig. 6).

It is in the genitalia that the most convincing differences occur. The palpimanids are typical haplogyne spiders: the male palpi lack hemato- dochae and consist of only a bulb and embolus in the American species, with a few additional ter-

PLATNICK AND SHADAB : STENOCHILIDAE

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FIGS. 4-6. Stenochilus hobsoni O. P.-Cambridge. 4. Spinnerets of male, ventral view. 5. Spinnerets of female, dorsal view. 6. Tarsus and metatarsus I, prolateral view.

minal sclerites in African and Eurasian species; the bulb is attached to the proximal portion of the tarsus and is not protected by a cymbium; the females have no external epigynum and lack separate fertilization pores. Although stenochilid females resemble those of palpimanids, the male palpi are entelegyne, as they have hematodochae, lie, in their contracted state, in a deep alveolus of the cymbium, and are expansible (figs. 7, 8, 10,

11, 12). The significance of this difference, and the doubt it casts on the traditional division of ecribellate spiders into haplogynes and entele- gynes, is being fully discussed in a separate paper.

PHYLOGENY

Only one derived character, the prolateral leg scopula, is found in all three subfamilies of Palpi-

FIGS. 7-9. Stenochilus hobsoni O. P.-Cambridge. 7. Palp, ventral view. 8. Palp, retrolateral view. 9.

Internal female genitalia, dorsal view.

manidae as conceived by Simon. If, however, this is acknowledged as evidence that the three groups are monophyletic, we must accept the fact that as much divergence has occurred within this “family” of less than a hundred species as between much larger families of other labido- gnath spiders. Huttonia differs from palpimanids and stenochilids in almost every other major morphological character, including those given great weight in spider macrotaxonomy, such as the number of claws and the structure of the genitalia. As the leg scopula in Huttonia is only a narrow line of fine setae, quite unlike the dense brush of palpimanids and stenochilids, it is more reasonable to assume that this unusual genus had an independent origin, and that Simon erred in associating the three groups. For his series ‘‘Spi- ders of New Zealand,” R. R. Forster is preparing a detailed study of Huttonia, in which he will assign it to its own family.

If we assume that the prolateral leg scopulae of palpimanids and stenochilids do indicate their common origin, we have abundant evidence that they are sister groups of equivalent rank. As the group as a whole must have evolved from a labidognath ancestor with the normal six spin- nerets, the presence of remnants of the four posterior spinnerets indicates that the steno- chilids diverged from the common stock early in its history. We can deduce from the present leg modifications of stenochilids that although at the time of divergence there was already a clear ten- dency toward enlargement and modification of the anterior legs, the greatly enlarged leg I and the peculiar relative leg segment lengths of present-day palpimanids had not yet evolved. Ad- ditional evidence of the relative age of the palpi- manid-stenochilid divergence is provided by the numerous somatic and genitalic oddities of the stenochilids, their almost relictual distributional pattern (specimens are known from India, south- east Asia, New Guinea, and the Philippine and Fiji islands), and by the genitalic diversity of the extant stenochilids. In future papers we plan to demonstrate that Simon’s Palpimaninae actually contains three divergent subfamilies; it is clear that the sister group of the stenochilids is not any of these younger, restricted subfamilies but Palpimanidae as a whole. Although it would be

AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES

possible to consider the palpimanids and steno- chilids as subfamilies if our restricted subfamilies were placed as tribes (a category seldom used in

’ spider macrotaxonomy), the resulting family

would be, as is hopefully clear from the morpho- logical discussions above, out of line with the amount of divergence within and between other currently accepted spider families.

Two quite different types of male palpi are found in the two genera of Stenochilidae. Steno- chilus males have entelegyne palpi with accessory sclerites (figs. 7, 13). The palpi of Colopea, how- ever, are unlike those of any other spider known to us. At first glance they appear to be those of a typical haplogyne, what with their large bulbous tegulum (figs. 19-21, 28-30). Further investi- gation reveals the presence of an expansible hema- todocha and the surprising lack of an embolus (figs. 22, 23). This condition can only be inter- preted as a secondary reduction in complexity; we must postulate from the presence of hema- todochae that earlier in their history Colopea males had typical entelegyne palpi and that for some reason both the embolus and all accessory sclerites have subsequently been lost. How this palpus functions in transmitting sperm without an embolus remains a mystery. The tip of the bulb seems to be porous in nature, and sperm may be transferred through those pores.

A phylogenetic tree reflecting the probable evolutionary history of the family is shown in figure 31. It must be remembered that the known distribution of these species indicates that additional species, and possibly genera, may eventually be found on other Pacific islands. The initial divergence of Palpimanidae and Steno- chilidae has been argued above. Both the out- lined differences in the male genitalia and the obvious differences in carapace shape (figs. 1, 16, 24, 25) support the Stenochilus-Colopea dichot- omy. Stenochilus hobsoni and scutulatus resemble each other closely except for genitalic details and differ in carapace shape from crocatus.

Stenochilidae, then, may be defined by the following derived characters: the diamond- shaped carapace, the two thoracic grooves, and the presence of hematodochae in the male genitalia. Palpimanidae, as we restrict it, is defined by the presence of only two spin-

PLATNICK AND SHADAB : STENOCHILIDAE

FIGS. 10-12. Stenochilus hobsoni O. P.-Cambridge, expanded palp. 10. Prolateral view. 11. Ventral

view. 12. Retrolateral view.

nerets, elongated patellae, and shortened meta- tarsi, all derived characters. The two groups share one derived character, the prolateral leg scopulae.

STENOCHILIDAE

Stenochiloidae Thorell, 1873, p. 603.

Stenochilidae: Simon, 1890, p. 81.

Stenochilinae: Simon, 1893b, p. 393. Roewer, 1942, p. 380. Bonnet, 1956-1958, pt. 4, p. 4155.

Diagnosis. Stenochilids are immediately rec- ognizable by their uniquely diamond-shaped car- apace (figs. 1, 16, 24, 25). In addition, the pres- ence of two thoracic grooves, four posterior spin- neret remnants, and divided prolateral scopulae on metatarsi I and II are all diagnostic.

Description. Total length 3.5-10 mm. Car- apace diamond-shaped, widest behind coxae II, heavily tuberculate, deep red. Two thoracic grooves, anterior usually slitlike, posterior a pit; cephalic area only slightly elevated. Anterior eye row slightly recurved, posterior row strongly pro- curved; eyes appearing as two curving longitu- dinal rows; anterior median eyes dark, others light; posterior medians usually elongate, others circular. Anterior medians separated by less than their diameter, closer to anterior laterals; poste- rior medians separated by their diameter, much closer to posterior laterals. Median ocular quad- rangle longer than wide, wider in back than in

front. Clypeal height greater than anterior me- dian eye diameter. Chelicerae light red, without marginal teeth, with basal lamella and lateral stridulating files. Endites light red, convergent, sharply pointed anteromedially, with greatly re- duced serrulae. Labium light red, elongate, fused to sternum. Sternum with pronounced antero- lateral elevations, sclerotized extensions sur- rounding coxae and prolonged extension be- tween coxae IV. Leg formula 1243. Tarsi and metatarsi I and II with prolateral scopulae, divid- ed on metatarsi into thick prolateral and thin ventral portions. Tarsi with two dentate claws and protruding onychium; claws reduced in size on legs I and II. Abdomen pale yellow with two brown oblique dorsal muscle impressions, coated with dark spinelike setae. Tracheal spiracle slight- ly anterior of spinnerets, sclerotized. Abdominal scutum restricted to venter. Two large spinnerets and four small posterior spinneret remnants, fused and platelike in females. Palpal femur with two small stridulating teeth. Female palp with- out claw.

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES OF STENOCHILIDAE

1. Carapace outline smooth, without undula-

tions (figs. 24,25) ........ Colopea, 2 Carapace outline with undulations (figs. 1, LGA Seen weer ee cent Soy, Stenochilus, 3

2. Posterior median eyes elongate (fig. 24); tip of palpal bulb occupying one-fourth length of bulb (figs. 19-21); internal female geni- talia as in figure 14; southeast Asia and the Philippines 2.4 .4..0..4 . 6 ee ee C. pusilla

Posterior median eyes rounded (fig. 25); tip of palpal bulb occupying less than one- fourth length of bulb (figs. 28-30); females unknown; Fiji ......... C. tuberculata

3. Carapace with pronounced undulations and extended posterior tip (fig. 16); males un- known; internal female genitalia as in fig- ure 17; Burma and Cambodia . S. crocatus

Carapace with gentle undulations and without extended posterior tip (fig. 1); India... .4

4. Palpus with distal prong (figs. 13, 15); females unknown; northern India... S. scutulatus

Palpus without distal prong (figs. 7, 8); inter- nal female genitalia as in figure 9; southern Inditat 8 Te ee ae S. hobsoni

STENOCHILUS

Stenochilus O. P.-Cambridge, 1870, p. 729, pl. 44, fig. 1 (type species by monotypy Steno- chilus hobsoni O, P.-Cambridge).

Metronax Simon, 1893b, p. 396, figs. 349-353 (type species by original designation Steno- chilus crocatus Simon). NEW SYNONYMY.

Diagnosis. Species belonging to Stenochilus may be easily recognized by the laterally undu- lating margins of the carapace (figs. 1, 16). The presence of an embolus and accessory sclerites on the male palpus and an unpaired median sperma- theca in the internal female genitalia are also di- agnostic.

Description. Total length 4.6-9.8 mm. Cara- pace with laterally undulating margins, some- times extended posteriorly. Dorsal surface of coxae rough but without distinct tubercles. Tar- sal onychium clawlike on tarsi I and II. Male pal- pus with spinelike embolus and conspicuous ter- minal apophysis. Internal female genitalia con- sisting of single median spermatheca prolonged anteriorly into sharp point.

Synonymy. Simon distinguished Metronax from Stenochilus on the basis of minor differ- ences in eye relationships. The similarities in car- apace shape and particularly in the structure of the internal female genitalia indicate that the maintenance of a separate genus for crocatus is unwarranted.

AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES

Stenochilus hobsoni O. P.-Cambridge Figures 1-12

Stenochilus hobsonii O. P.-Cambridge, 1870, p. 729, pl. 44, fig. 1 (male holotype from Bombay, Maharashtra, India, in HDO, examined).

Stenochilus raudus Simon, 1884, p. 368 (male holotype from “Genji,” probably Gingee, near Pondicherry, Madras, India, in MNHN, ex- amined). NEW SYNONYMY.

Metronax raudus: Simon, 1893b, p. 396, fig. 354. Roewer, 1942, p. 380. Bonnet, 1956- 1958, pt. 3, p. 2827.

Stenochilus hobsoni: Simon, 1893b, p. 396. Roewer, 1942, p. 380. Bonnet, 1956-1958, pt. 4, p. 4155.

Diagnosis. Stenochilus hobsoni is closely re- lated to scutulatus, with which it forms a distinct species group restricted, so far as is known, to India. Although females of scutulatus are un- known, the males can be easily distinguished by the peculiar series of tiny black denticles found on the prolateral side of the tip of the palpal bulb in hobsoni. In addition, the two species seem to be allopatric, hobsoni occurring in south- ern and scutulatus in northern India.

Male. Total length 4.82-7.42 mm. Carapace 2.20-3.71 mm. long, 1.21-1.94 mm. wide. Femur I 1.40-2.41 mm. long (five specimens). Palp with spinelike embolus, ridgelike terminal apophysis, and anterolateral series of tiny black denticles (figs. 7, 8; expanded palp, figs. 10-12).

Female. Total length 5.67-6.62 mm. Carapace 2.38-3.35 mm. long, 1.39-1.73 mm. wide. Femur I 1.58-2.16 mm. long (four specimens). Internal female genitalia with broad, convex base and long thin tip, anterior portions unsclerotized (fig. 9).

Material Examined. India: Andrah Pradesh: Tirupati, near campus, Dec. 13, 1965 (J. A. L. Cooke, AMNH), 1 6; Narayana Vanam Kona, near Tirupati, Jan. 21, 1966 (J. A. L. Cooke, AMNH), 1 6. Maharashtra: 20 miles north of Bombay, Jan. 21, 1962, 50 meters (E. S. Ross and D. Q. Cavagnaro, CAS), 1 9; 3 miles northwest of Sinnar, Jan. 16, 1962, 700 meters (E. S. Ross and D. Q. Cavagnaro, CAS), 1 ?; Mahabaleshwar, Feb. 13, 1962, 1250 meters (E. S. Ross and D. Q. Cavagnaro, CAS), 1 6, 1 9. Mysore: 5 miles

PLATNICK AND SHADAB : STENOCHILIDAE

FIGS. 13-15. 13, 15. Stenochilus scutulatus, new species, palp. 13. Ventral view. 15. Retrolateral view. 14. Colopea pusilla (Simon), internal female genitalia, dorsal view.

west of Hunsur, Feb. 24, 1962, 850 meters (E. S. Ross and D. Q. Cavagnaro, CAS), 1 ?.

Distribution. Southern India (Madras, My- sore, Andrah Pradesh, and Maharashtra).

Natural History. Cooke supplied the follow- ing information regarding the habits and habitat of this species in Andrah Pradesh: “they were not rare in the area. They were in silk tubes about 2 inches long or more beneath impacted large stones on red dusty soil in an area of open arid (seasonally) scrub land rather like the deserts of the southwestern United States, with low, prickly bushes at intervals. At this season the rains had just stopped, leaving the soil damp for about a week.”

Synonymy. Simon established raudus on the basis of discrepancies in eye relationships be- tween his specimens and Cambridge’s faulty illus- tration and description. Apparently Simon never examined the type of hobsoni, which corre- sponds to raudus in genitalic details, even though it is somewhat smaller than the other available males of this species.

Stenochilus scutulatus, new species Figures 13, 15

Type. Male holotype from south of Pali, Rajasthan, India, 275 meters (January 8, 1962;

E. S. Ross and D. Q. Cavagnaro), deposited in CAS.

Etymology. The specific name is from the Latin scutula (diamond-shaped) and refers to the shape of the carapace.

Diagnosis. Stenochilus scutulatus is very closely related to hobsoni, but may be distin- guished by its pronglike terminal apophysis (figs. 13, 15).

Male. Total length 4.68-5.36 mm. Carapace 2.02-2.36 mm. long, 1.22-1.30 mm. wide. Femur I 1.39-1.58 mm. long (three specimens). Palp with spinelike embolus and pronglike terminal apoph- ysis (figs. 13, 15).

Female. Unknown.

Material Examined. India: Rajasthan: Kishangarh, Jan. 7, 1962, 450 meters (E. S. Ross and D. Q. Cavagnaro, CAS), 1 6; 2 miles south- east of Sirohi, Jan. 9, 1962, 450 meters (E. S. Ross and D. Q. Cavagnaro, CAS), 1 6.

Distribution. Northern India (Rajasthan).

Stenochilus crocatus Simon Figures 16-18

Stenochilus crocatus Simon, 1884, p. 341, figs. 4, 5 (female holotype from Minhla, Burma, in MCSN, examined).

Metronax crocatus: Simon, 1893b, p. 396, figs.

10

AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES

FIGS. 16-18. Stenochilus crocatus Simon. 16. Carapace, dorsal view. 17. Internal female genitalia,

dorsal view. 18. Eyes, anterodorsal view.

349-353. Thorell, 1897, p. 192. Roewer, 1942, p. 380. Bonnet, 1956-1958, pt. 3, p. 2827.

Diagnosis. Stenochilus crocatus is a distinc- tive species easily recognizable by the pro- nounced undulations and greatly extended poste- rior tip of the carapace (fig. 16).

Male. Unknown.

Female. Total length 6.59-9.80 mm. Carapace 3.85-4.88 mm. long, 1.80-2.09 mm. wide. Femur I 2.12-2.68 mm. long (four specimens). Internal female genitalia with abruptly narrowed base containing sclerotized duct, and elongate tip (fig. 17).

Material Examined. Burma: Bhamo, Oct. 20,

FIGS. 19-21. Colopea pusilla (Simon), palp. 19. Prolateral view. 20. Ventral view. 21. Retrolateral

view.

PLATNICK AND SHADAB : STENOCHILIDAE

1]

FIGS. 22-24. Colopea pusilla (Simon). 22, 23. Expanded palp. 22. Prolateral view. 23. Retrolateral

view. 24. Carapace, dorsal view.

1896 (L. Fea, ZMH), 1 penultimate 6, 1 9; Bhamo (BMNH), 1 ?; Tharrawaddy (BMNH), 1 juvenile. Cambodia: no specific locality (MNHN), 19.

Distribution. Burma and Cambodia.

COLOPEA

Colopea Simon, 1893b, p. 397 (type species by original designation Stenochilus pusillus Simon).

Diagnosis. Species belonging to Colopea may be easily recognized by the absence of lateral undulations of the carapace margin (figs. 24, 25). The absence of an embolus and accessory scler- ites on the male palpus and the presence of paired spermathecae in the internal female genitalia are also diagnostic.

Description. Total length 3.5-4.8 mm. Cara- pace with smooth lateral margins, not extended posteriorly. Coxae I and II with dorsal tubercles. Tarsal claws and onychium reduced on anterior legs. Male palpus without embolus or accessory sclerites. Internal female genitalia with paired spermathecae.

Colopea pusilla (Simon) Figures 14, 19-24

Stenochilus pusillus Simon, 1893a, p. 76 (two

juvenile syntypes from Antipolo, Luzon, the Philippines, in MNHN, examined).

Colopea pusilla: Simon, 1893b, p. 397. Roewer, 1942, p. 380. Bonnet, 1956-1958, pt. 2, p. 1194,

Metronax laetus Thorell, 1895, p. 18 (juvenile holotype from Tharrawaddy, Burma, in BMNH, examined). Roewer, 1942, p. 380. Bonnet, 1956-1958, pt. 3, p. 2827. NEW SYNONYMY.

Diagnosis. Colopea pusilla may be distin- guished from tuberculata by the elongate pos- terior median eyes, the relatively larger tip of the palpal bulb (figs. 19-21), and its distribution.

Male: Total length 3.94, 4.61 mm. Carapace 2.02, 2.30 mm. long, 1.40, 1.58 mm. wide. Fe- mur I 1.48, 1.62 mm. long (two specimens). Pos- terior median eyes elongate. Tarsi I and II ex- panded ventrally. Tip of palpal bulb occupying one-fourth of bulb’s length (figs. 19-21; ex- panded palp, figs. 22, 23).

Female. Total length 3.56 mm. Carapace 1.76 mm. long, 1.19 mm. wide. Femur I 1.26 mm. long (one specimen). Eyes and tarsi as in male. Internal female genitalia with posterolateral extensions (fig. 14).

Material Examined. Thailand: Bang Phra, around shores of artificial lake, Jan. 4, 1958 (N. Meinkoth, MCZ), 1 6; Mae Chiang Hai, July 13,

12

AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES

FIGS. 25-27. Colopea tuberculata, new species. 25. Carapace, dorsal view. 26. Sternum, ventral view.

27. Chelicera, ventral view.

FIGS. 28-30. Colopea tuberculata, new species, palp. 28. Prolateral view. 29. Ventral view. 30.

Retrolateral view.

1962, 200 meters (E. S. Ross and D. Q. Cavagnaro, CAS), 1 6, 2 juveniles. Malaysia: Singapore (MNHN), | 9.

Distribution. Burma, Thailand, Malaysia, and the Philippines.

Synonymy. Thorell’s redescription of Co- lopea pusilla under a different genus and species is readily understandable in view of Simon’s failure to illustrate either the somatic or genitalic char- acters of the taxon and the rather widespread distribution of the species.

Discussion. Two juvenile specimens from Port

Moresby, Papua, New Guinea (lent by Dr. R. R. Forster of the Otago Museum) may belong to this species, but definite placement must await the collection of adults on this island.

Colopea tuberculata, new species Figures 25-30

Type. Male holotype from Nandarivatu, Viti Levu, Fiji (no date; W. M. Mann), deposited in MCZ.

Etymology. The specific name is from the

PLATNICK AND SHADAB : STENOCHILIDAE

Vy)

om 3 =

c a = oUC= o

Ww) J U oes O

O U &

< Uv) U hobsoni crocatus group group

Stenochilus

PALPIMANIDAE

STENOCHILIDAE

FIG. 31. Phylogenetic tree of Stenochilidae. See text for explanation.

Latin tuberculum (tubercle) and refers to the heavily tuberculate carapace.

Diagnosis. Colopea tuberculata may be distin- guished from pusilla by the rounded posterior median eyes and the relatively shorter tip of the palpal bulb (figs. 28-30).

Male. Total length 4.43, 4.82 mm. Carapace 2.09, 2.41 mm. long, 1.58, 1.69 mm. wide. Fe-

mur I 1.66, 1.69 mm. long (two : decimens). Pos- terior median eyes rounded. Tarsus I bent retro- laterally. Tip of palpal bulb occupying less than one-fourth of bulb’s length (figs. 28-30).

Female. Unknown.

Material Examined. Fiji: Viti Levu (W. M. Mann, MCZ), 1 6.

Distribution. Fiji.

14

LITERATURE CITED

Bonnet, Pierre

1956-1958. Bibliographia araneorum. Tou- louse, vol. 2, issued in parts: pt. 2 (1956), pp. 919-1926; pt. 3 (1957), pp. 1927-3026; pt. 4 (1958), pp. 3027-4230.

Cambridge, Octavius Pickard-

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Roewer, Carl F.

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1040 pp. Simon, Eugene

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Thorell, Teodor

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